

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http: / / / go / permissions. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. o Copyright © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. TOM OAKLAND University of Florida Gainesville, Florida

RON ZELLNER Texas A&M University College Station, Texas KAUFMAN California State University, San Bernardino San Bernardino, California WILLIS Rivier College Nashua, New Hampshire SAM GOLDSTEIN University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah LEE SWANSON University of California, Riverside Riverside, California RON DUMONT Fairleigh Dickinson University Teaneck, New Jersey RACHEL TOPLIS Falcon School District 49 Colorado Springs, Colorado

DE PRY University of Colorado at Colorado Springs Colorado Springs, Colorado APPLEQUIST University of Colorado at Colorado Springs Colorado Springs, ColoradoĬYNTHIA RICCIO Texas A&M University College Station, Texas Reynolds and Elaine Fletcher-Janzen, Editors CONTRIBUTING EDITORS KIMBERLY F. Special Education A Reference for the Education of Children, Adolescents, and Adults with Disabilities and Other Exceptional IndividualsĮncyclopedia of Special Education, THIRD EDITION Cecil R.
